Free Ebook Download. Free download lesson plan, resume sample and terms paper in PDF. Download or read online on huntersquay. Latest Document. Libertarian socialism or socialist libertarianism is a group of antiauthoritarian political philosophies inside the socialist movement that rejects socialism as. Discount Tobacco Shed Liberty Ky Shed Plans DIY How To Build A Double Box Step How To Build A Wood Burner Free Blueprints Of Office Building. Discount Tobacco Shed. Oracle and Sun Microsystems Strategic Acquisitions. Oracle acquired Sun Microsystems in 2. Oracles hardware and software engineers have worked side by side to build fully integrated systems and optimized solutions designed to achieve performance levels that are unmatched in the industry. The Pledge of Allegiance is an oath of allegiance to the United States, addressed to both the flag and the Republic. It was composed by Rear Admiral George Balch in. 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I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. U. S. C. 4 2I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. The Pledge of Allegiance is an oath of allegiance to the United States, addressed to both the flag and the Republic. It was composed by Rear Admiral George Balch in 1. Francis Bellamy in 1. In 1. 94. 2 it was formally adopted by Congress. Congress gave it the name The Pledge of Allegiance in 1. In 1. 95. 4 the words under God were added. Though many countries have oaths of allegiances for specific purposes, the US remains one of the few to use such an oath in childhood education. Recital. Congressional sessions open with the recital of the Pledge, as do many government meetings at local levels, and meetings held by many private organizations. All states except Hawaii, Iowa, Vermont and Wyoming require a regularly scheduled recitation of the pledge in the public schools, although the Supreme Court has ruled in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette that students cannot be compelled to recite the Pledge, nor can they be punished for not doing so. A number of states state flag pledges of allegiance to be recited after this. The United States Flag Code says The Pledge of Allegiance to the FlagI pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. When not in uniform men should remove any non religious headdress with their right hand and hold it at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart. Persons in uniform should remain silent, face the flag, and render the military salute. Zero Degree Tamil Ebook. Members of the Armed Forces not in uniform and veterans may render the military salute in the manner provided for persons in uniform. Origins. Balch and Bellamy pledges. The Pledge of Allegiance, as it exists in its current form, was composed in August 1. Francis Bellamy 1. Baptist minister, a Christian socialist,1. Edward Bellamy 1. There did exist a previous version created by Rear Admiral George Balch, a veteran of the Civil War, who later become auditor of the New York Board of Education. Balchs pledge, which existed contemporaneously with the Bellamy version until the 1. National Flag Conference, read We give our heads and hearts to God and our country one country, one language, one flag3Balch was a proponent of teaching children, especially those of immigrants, loyalty to the United States, even going so far as to write a book on the subject and work with both the government and private organizations to distribute flags to every classroom and school. Balchs pledge, which predates Bellamys by 5 years and was embraced by many schools, by the Daughters of the American Revolution until the 1. Grand Army of the Republic until the 1. National Flag Conference, is often overlooked when discussing the history of the Pledge. Bellamy, however, did not approve of the pledge as Balch had written it, referring to the text as too juvenile and lacking in dignity. The Bellamy Pledge of Allegiance was first published in the September 8 issue of the popular childrens magazine The Youths Companion as part of the National Public School Celebration of Columbus Day, a celebration of the 4. Christopher Columbuss arrival in the Americas. The event was conceived and promoted by James B. Upham, a marketer for the magazine, as a campaign to instill the idea of American nationalism in students and to sell flags to public schools. According to author Margarette S. Miller, this campaign was in line both with Uphams patriotic vision as well as with his commercial interest. According to Miller, Upham would often say to his wife Mary, if I can instill into the minds of our American youth a love for their country and the principles on which it was founded, and create in them an ambition to carry on with the ideals which the early founders wrote into The Constitution, I shall not have lived in vain. Bellamys original Pledge read I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. Students reciting a pledge on Flag Day in 1. The Pledge was supposed to be quick and to the point. Bellamy designed it to be recited in 1. As a socialist, he had initially also considered using the words equality and fraternity1. African Americans. Francis Bellamy and Upham had lined up the National Education Association to support the Youths Companion as a sponsor of the Columbus Day observance and the use in that observance of the American flag. By June 2. 9, 1. 89. Bellamy and Upham had arranged for Congress and President Benjamin Harrison to announce a proclamation making the public school flag ceremony the center of the Columbus Day celebrations. This arrangement was formalized when Harrison issued Presidential Proclamation 3. Subsequently, the Pledge was first used in public schools on October 1. Columbus Day observances organized to coincide with the opening of the Worlds Columbian Exposition the Chicago Worlds Fair, Illinois. Bellamys account. In his recollection of the creation of the Pledge Francis Bellamy said, At the beginning of the nineties patriotism and national feeling was sic at a low ebb. The patriotic ardor of the Civil War was an old story . The time was ripe for a reawakening of simple Americanism and the leaders in the new movement rightly felt that patriotic education should begin in the public schools. James Upham felt that a flag should be on every schoolhouse,1. As the Worlds Columbian Exposition was set to celebrate the 4. Christopher Columbus in the Americas, Upham sought to link the publications flag drive to the event, so that every school in the land . Bellamy was placed in charge of this operation and was soon lobbying not only the superintendents of education in all the States, but he also worked with governors, Congressmen, and even the President of the United States. The publications efforts paid off when Benjamin Harrison declared Wednesday October 1. Columbus Day for which The Youths Companion made an official program for universal use in all the schools. Bellamy recalled that the event had to be more than a list of exercises. The ritual must be prepared with simplicity and dignity. Edna Dean Proctor wrote an ode for the event, and There was also an oration suitable for declamation. Bellamy held that Of course, the nub of the program was to be the raising of the flag, with a salute to the flag recited by the pupils in unison. He found There was not a satisfactory enough form for this salute. The Balch salute, which ran, I give my heart and my hand to my country, one country, one language, one flag, seemed to him too juvenile and lacking in dignity.